Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

29-07-2022

Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression Moderate the Association Between Social Anxiety and Depression

Auteurs: Matt R. Judah, Alicia L. Milam, Nathan M. Hager, Taylor N. Webb, Hannah C. Hamrick, Alan Meca

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2022

Abstract

Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder is common and bears a worse prognosis than either disorder alone. Emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal (CR), expressive suppression (ES), and their interaction may impact the association of social anxiety with depression symptoms. Path analysis was used to examine how CR and ES may interact to predict the association of social anxiety with depression in a large, multi-university sample (N = 9,750). There was a three-way interaction of CR, ES, and social anxiety predicting depression. CR weakened the association of social anxiety with depression at low levels of ES. ES weakened the social anxiety/depression relation at low CR, and ES strengthened the association at high levels of CR. Compared to low levels of both strategies, high levels of either emotion regulation strategy paired with low levels of the other weakened the social anxiety/depression association. Compared to high or low levels of both strategies, high CR with low ES was associated with a weaker relation between social anxiety and depression. The association of social anxiety and depression symptoms, hence their comorbidity, may depend in part on the interaction of CR and ES. ES may interfere with the resilience to comorbidity provided by CR. Either CR or ES may convey resilience compared to using neither strategy.

vorige artikel Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales

volgende artikel Measurement Invariance of the Reckless and Self-destructive Behaviors Construct Assessed by the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ) Across Trauma Type and Trauma Count

Adams, G. C., Balbuena, L., Meng, X., & Asmundson, G. J. (2016). When social anxiety and depression go together: A population study of comorbidity and associated consequences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.031CrossRefPubMed

Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023598CrossRefPubMed

Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4CrossRef

Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2016). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9739-8CrossRef

Brozovich, F. A., Goldin, P., Lee, I., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The effect of rumination and reappraisal on social anxiety symptoms during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22132CrossRefPubMed

Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48CrossRefPubMed

Castillo, L. G., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Introduction to the special issue on college student mental health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21972CrossRefPubMed

D’Avanzato, C., Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013). Emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: Examining diagnostic specificity and stability of strategy use. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 968–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9537-0CrossRef

Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2007). Does comorbid social anxiety disorder impact the clinical presentation of principal major depressive disorder? Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.014CrossRefPubMed

Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotion regulation in social anxiety and depression: A systematic review of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical Psychology Review, 65, 17–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.004CrossRefPubMed

Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009). Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 22(5), 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802179860CrossRef

Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Castro, A. A., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2020). When negative interpretations persist, positive emotions don’t! Inflexible negative interpretations encourage depression and social anxiety by dampening positive emotion. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 124, 103510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103510CrossRef

Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2012). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in daily life: Spillover effects on positive and negative social events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.666561CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Forkmann, T., Scherer, A., Pawelzik, M., Mainz, V., Drueke, B., Boecker, M., & Gauggel, S. (2014). Does cognitive behavior therapy alter emotion regulation in inpatients with a depressive disorder? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S59421CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goldin, P. R., Lee, I., Ziv,., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Trajectories of change in emotion regulation and social anxiety during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 56, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–20). Guilford Press

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in daily life. In D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson, & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13–35). Washington DC: American Psychological AssociationCrossRef

Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. In S. G. Hofmann, & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (3rd ed., pp. 705–728). New York, NY: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00024-8CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 36, 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070701421313CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21888CrossRefPubMed

Hosogoshi, H., Takebayashi, Y., Ito, M., Fujisato, H., Kato, N., Nakajima, S. … Horikshi, M. (2020). Expressive suppression of emotion is a moderator of anxiety in a unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: A secondary analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.132CrossRefPubMed

Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017). Treating social anxiety disorder with CBT: Impact on emotion regulation and satisfaction with life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9762-4CrossRef

Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2008). Social anxiety and positive emotions: A prospective examination of a self-regulatory model with tendencies to suppress or express emotions as a moderating variable. Behavior Therapy, 39, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.02.003CrossRefPubMed

Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience assessment of positive emotions and events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01674.xCrossRefPubMed

Kauermann, G., & Carroll, R. J. (2001). A note on the efficiency of sandwich covariance matrix estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 96(456), 1387–1396. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214501753382309CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21, 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kinney, K. L., Burkhouse, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2019). Self-report and neurophysiological indicators of emotion processing and regulation in social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 142, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kivity, Y., Cohen, L., Weiss, M., Elizur, J., & Huppert, J. D. (2020). The role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study of self-report, subjective, and electrocortical measures. Journal of Affective Disorders. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.021CrossRef

Kivity, Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2018). Are individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder successful in regulating their emotions? A mixed-method investigation using self-report, subjective, and event-related potentials measures. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.029CrossRef

Kivity, Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2016). Does cognitive reappraisal reduce anxiety? A daily diary study of a micro-intervention with individuals with high social anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(3), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000075CrossRefPubMed

Masumoto, K., Taishi, N., & Shiozaki, M. (2016). Age and gender differences in relationships among emotion regulation, mood, and mental health. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 2, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416637022CrossRef

Mathewson, K. J., Schmidt, L. A., Miskovic, V., Santesso, D. L., Duku, E., McCabe, R. E. … Moscovitch, D. A. (2013). Does respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) predict anxiety reduction during cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD)? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.016CrossRefPubMed

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6CrossRef

McMahon, T. P., & Naragon-Gainey, K. (2018). The moderating effect of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies on reappraisal: A daily diary study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42, 552–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9913-xCrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th edition). Muthén & Muthén. https://www.statmodel.com/

Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRef

Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410CrossRefPubMed

Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001699CrossRefPubMed

Soto, J. A., Perez, C. R., Kim, Y. H., Lee, E. A., & Minnick, M. R. (2011). Is expressive suppression always associated with poorer psychological functioning? A cross-cultural comparison between European Americans and Hong Kong Chinese. Emotion, 11, 1450–1455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023340CrossRefPubMed

Spokas, M., Luterek, J. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Social anxiety and emotion suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.004CrossRef

Stein, D. J., Lim, C. C. W., Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A. … Hu, C. (2017). The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC Medicine, 15, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0889-2. WHO World Mental Health Survey CollaboratorsCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Werner, K., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In A. M. Kring, & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 13–37). Guildford Press

Titel: Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression Moderate the Association Between Social Anxiety and Depression
Auteurs: Matt R. Judah
Alicia L. Milam
Nathan M. Hager
Taylor N. Webb
Hannah C. Hamrick
Alan Meca
Publicatiedatum: 29-07-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-022-09971-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2022

Quantitative Head Dynamics Associated with Interpersonal (Grandiose-Manipulative) Psychopathic Traits in Incarcerated Youth

How different levels of mobile phone addiction relate to adolescent depressive symptoms: the mediating role of parent-adolescent relationships

Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales

Open Access

Stability of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Compared to Externalizing and Internalizing Parent Symptom Ratings from Age 9 to 8-Years Follow-up in a Population-Based Sample

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression Moderate the Association Between Social Anxiety and Depression

Abstract

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2022

Quantitative Head Dynamics Associated with Interpersonal (Grandiose-Manipulative) Psychopathic Traits in Incarcerated Youth

How different levels of mobile phone addiction relate to adolescent depressive symptoms: the mediating role of parent-adolescent relationships

Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales

Stability of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Compared to Externalizing and Internalizing Parent Symptom Ratings from Age 9 to 8-Years Follow-up in a Population-Based Sample

Intra- and interpersonal emotion regulation strategies and Schizotypic personality characteristics

Validation of the BFI-10-R: A New BFI Scale with Strong Structural and Construct Validity

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Quantitative Head Dynamics Associated with Interpersonal (Grandiose-Manipulative) Psychopathic Traits in Incarcerated Youth

How different levels of mobile phone addiction relate to adolescent depressive symptoms: the mediating role of parent-adolescent relationships

Screening for PTSD and functional impairment in trauma-exposed young children: evaluation of alternative CBCL-PTSD subscales

Stability of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Compared to Externalizing and Internalizing Parent Symptom Ratings from Age 9 to 8-Years Follow-up in a Population-Based Sample

Intra- and interpersonal emotion regulation strategies and Schizotypic personality characteristics

Validation of the BFI-10-R: A New BFI Scale with Strong Structural and Construct Validity