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01-06-2015 | Original Article
Eye Gaze Tracking Reveals Different Effects of a Sad Mood Induction on the Attention of Previously Depressed and Never Depressed Women
Auteurs: Kristin R. Newman, Christopher R. Sears
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2015
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Abstract
This study examined the effect of a sad mood induction (MI) on attention to emotional information and whether the effect varies as a function of depression vulnerability. Previously depressed (N = 42) and never depressed women (N = 58) were randomly assigned to a sad or a neutral MI and then viewed sets of depression-related, anxiety-related, positive, and neutral images. Attention was measured by tracking eye fixations to the images throughout an 8-s presentation. The sad MI had a substantial impact on the attention of never depressed participants: never depressed participants who experienced the sad MI increased their attention to positive images and decreased their attention to anxiety-related images relative to those who experienced the neutral MI. In contrast, previously depressed participants who experienced the sad MI did not attend to emotional images any differently than previously depressed participants who experienced the neutral MI. These results suggest that for never depressed individuals, a sad MI activates an emotion regulation strategy that changes the way that emotional information is attended to in order to counteract the sad mood; the absence of a difference for previously depressed individuals likely reflects a maladaptive emotion regulation response associated with depression vulnerability. Implications for cognitive theories of depression and depression-vulnerability are discussed.
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1
There were no obvious differences for any of the demographic variables (age, BDI, BIDR, PHQ-9, etc.) between those who were successfully mood induced and those who were not. In addition, the pre-mood induction ratings of mood for non-induced participants were similar to those who were successfully mood induced.
2
Also of interest is a comparison of the previously depressed and never depressed participants who experienced the neutral MI. For this analysis we also had eye tracking data from a group of currently depressed individuals (N = 28) who were shown the same images and experienced the same neutral MI procedure (these data were collected as part of an unpublished study). Depression status was assessed using the PHQ-9 (the mean PHQ-9 of the currently depressed participants was 16.1, SD = 4.3, and the mean BDI was 29.2, SD = 7.8). A MANOVA comparing the fixation data of the three groups produced a significant multivariate Group × Image Type interaction, Wilk’s Λ = .89, F(12, 430) = 2.05, p < .05, partial η2 = .05. The same interaction was present in separate analyses of the fixation count and total fixation time data, F(6, 216) = 2.28, p = .05, partial η2 = .05; F(6, 216) = 2.49, p < .05, partial η2 = .07, respectively. Follow up analyses of the total fixation time data showed that currently depressed participants attended to depression-related images significantly more than never depressed participants (1,920 vs. 1,560 ms), t(54) = 3.76, p < .001, replicating the findings of Eizenman et al. (2003), Kellough et al. (2008), and others. Previously depressed participants also attended to the depression-related images more than never depressed participants (1,792 vs. 1,560 ms), t(45) = 2.18, p < .05, and currently depressed and previously depressed participants did not differ, t(45) = 1.20, p = .23. This outcome indicates that previously depressed participants exhibited an attentional bias for depression-related images equivalent to that of currently depressed participants. For positive images the group differences were not as pronounced. Currently depressed participants attended to positive images less than never depressed participants (1,575 vs. 1,872 ms), t(54) = 1.82, p = .07, and less than previously depressed participants (1,575 vs. 1,934 ms), t(45) = 1.96, p = .05. There was no difference between previously depressed and never depressed participants (1,934 vs. 1,872 ms), t(45) = 0.34, p = .73.
3
On the other hand, there would be several disadvantages with a within-subjects design: different images would have to be used if participants experienced both a neutral and sad MI, carry over and order effects could be an issue because the neutral MI would always be presented first, and the demand characteristics of a sad MI procedure would likely be more influential for participants who first experience a neutral MI.
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Metagegevens
- Titel
- Eye Gaze Tracking Reveals Different Effects of a Sad Mood Induction on the Attention of Previously Depressed and Never Depressed Women
- Auteurs
-
Kristin R. Newman
Christopher R. Sears
- Publicatiedatum
- 01-06-2015
- Uitgeverij
- Springer US
- Gepubliceerd in
-
Cognitive Therapy and Research
/ Uitgave 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819 - DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9669-x
