Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-12-2010

Gen-omgevinginteracties in alcoholgebruik

Auteurs: Carmen S. van der Zwaluw, Rutger C. M. E. Engels

Gepubliceerd in: Kind en adolescent | Uitgave 4/2010

Samenvatting

Het doel van dit overzichtartikel is om de huidige status van gen-omgevingstudies in alcoholgebruik en -afhankelijkheid te bespreken. We bespreken de zeventien genomgevingstudies die tot op heden zijn gepubliceerd met betrekking tot alcoholgebruik. In deze studies wordt een grote verscheidenheid aan kandidaat-genen en risicofactoren uit de omgeving onderzocht. De heterogeniteit van de studies maakt het derhalve onmogelijk om sterke, alomvattende conclusies te trekken. Vervolgens bespreken we de uitdagingen voor toekomstige gen-omgevingstudies. Deze bestaan onder andere uit het ontwikkelen van duidelijke theorieën wat betreft neurobiologische mechanismen en het verkrijgen van grote longitudinale steekproeven (samples) die al vanaf de kindertijd worden gevolgd. Doordat voornamelijk significante interacties in tijdschriften worden gepubliceerd is het daarnaast essentieel bevindingen uit incidentele studies te repliceren omdat alleen dan theorieën goed getoetst kunnen worden. Ondanks de moeilijkheden is het cruciaal om gen-omgevinginteracties in toekomstige studies te bekijken om oorzakelijke factoren van alcoholgebruik verder uit te zoeken

vorige artikel Verslaving als ontwikkelingsstoornis

volgende artikel Roken, drinken en blowen door de Nederlandse jeugd

Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Lindell, S., Becker, M. L., Shannon, C., Champoux, M., Suomi S. J., & Higley, J. D. (2004a). Early experience and sex interact to influence hypothalamic- pituitary adrenal-axis function after acute alcohol administration in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 1114–1119.CrossRef

Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Lindell, S., Shannon, C., Champoux, M., Lesch, K. P., Suomi, S. J., Goldman, D., & Higley, J. D. (2004b). Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variation and rearing condition in alcohol preference and consumption in female primates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1146–1152.CrossRef

Barr, C. S., Schwandt, M. L., Newman, T. K., & Higley, J. D. (2004c) The use of adolescent nonhuman primates to model human alcohol intake: Neurobiological, genetic, and psychological variables. Annals New York Academy of Science, 1021, 221–233.CrossRef

Bau, C. H. D., Almeida, S., & Hutz, M. H. (2000). The Taq1 A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism in Brazil. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96, 302–306.PubMedCrossRef

Belsky, J., & Barends, N. (2002). Personality and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Red.), Handbook of parenting, vol. 3: Being and becoming a parent, (pp. 415–438). Tweede druk. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Blomeyer, D., Treutlein, J, Esser, G., Schmidt, M., Schumann, G., & Laucht, M. (2008). Interaction between crhr1 gene and stressful life events predicts adolescent heavy alcohol use. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 146–151.PubMedCrossRef

Buckland, P. R. (2008). Will we ever find the genes for addiction? Addiction, 103, 1768–1776.PubMedCrossRef

Cardon L. R., & Palmer L. J. (2003). Population stratification and spurious allelic association. Lancet, 361, 598–604.PubMedCrossRef

Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor A., & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851–854.PubMedCrossRef

Clayton, D., & McKeigue P. M. (2001). Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet, 358, 1356–1360.PubMedCrossRef

Cloninger, C. R., Bohman, M., & Sigvardsson, S. (1981). Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 861–868.PubMedCrossRef

Covault, J., Tennen, H., Armeli, S., Conner, T. S., Herman, A. I., Cillesen, A. H. N., & Kranzler, H. R. (2007). Interactive effects of the serotonin transporter 5-httlpr polymorphism and stressful life events on college student drinking and drug use. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 609–616.PubMedCrossRef

Dick, D. M., Agrawal, A., Schuckit, M. A., Bierut, L., Hinbrichs, A., Fox, L. e.a. (2006a). Marital status, alcohol dependence, and gabra2: Evidence for gene-environment correlation and interaction. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 185–194.

Dick, D. M., Jones, K., Saccone, N., Hinrichs, A., Wang, J. C., Goate, A. e.a. (2006b). Endophenotypes successfully lead to gene identification: Results from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. Behavior Genetics, 36, 112–126.CrossRef

Dick, D. M., Pagan, J. L., Holliday, C., Viken, R., Pulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J., & Rose, R. J. (2007a). Gender differences in friends’ influences on adolescent drinking: A genetic epidemiological study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 2012–2019.CrossRef

Dick, D. M., Plunkett, J., Hamlin, D., Nurnberger, J. Jr, Kuperman, S., & Schuckit, M. (2007b). Association analyses of the serotonin transporter gene with lifetime depression and alcohol dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (coga) sample. Psychiatric Genetics, 17, 35–38.CrossRef

Ducci, F., Enoch, M., Hodgkinson, C., Xu, K., Catena, M., Robin, R. W., & Goldman, D. (2007). Interaction between a functional maoa locus and childhood sexual abuse predicts alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder in adult women. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 1–14.

Duncan, S. C., Alpert, A., Duncan, T. E., & Hops, H. (1997). Adolescent alcohol use development and young adult outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 57–71.CrossRef

Engels, R. C. M. E., Vermulst, A. A., Dubas, J. S., Bot, S. M., & Gerris, J. (2005). Long-term effects of family functioning and child characteristics on problem drinking in young adulthood. European Addiction Research, 11, 32–37.PubMedCrossRef

Eaves, L. J. (2006). Genotype x environment interaction in psychopathology: Fact or artifact? Twin Research on Human Genetics, 9, 1–8.CrossRef

Eaves, L. J., Long, J., & Heath, A.C. (1986). A theory of developmental change in quantitative phenotypes applied to cognitive development. Behavior Genetics, 16, 143–162.PubMedCrossRef

Feinn, R., Nellissery, M., & Kranzler, H. R. (2005). Meta-analysis of the association of a functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133B, 79–84.PubMedCrossRef

Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1995). The prevalence and risk factors associated with abusive or hazardous alcohol consumption in 16-year-olds. Addiction, 90, 935–946.PubMedCrossRef

Fillmore, M. T., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (1995). Behavioural effects of alcohol in novice and experienced drinkers: Alcohol expectancies and impairment. Psychopharmacology, 122, 175–181.PubMedCrossRef

Flint, J., & Munafò, M. R. (2008). Forum: Interactions between gene and environment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 315–317.PubMedCrossRef

Gacek, P., Conner, T. S., Tennen, H., Kranzler, H. R., & Covault, J. (2008). Tryptonhan hydroxylase 2 gene and alcohol use among college students. Addictive Biology, 13, 440–448.CrossRef

Gauderman W. J. (2002). Sample size requirements for matched case-control studies of gene-environment interaction. Statististical Medicine, 21, 35–50.CrossRef

Goldman, D., Oroszi, G., & Ducci, F. (2005). The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6, 521–532.PubMedCrossRef

Goodwin, D. W., Knop, J., Jensen, P., Gabrielli, W. F. jr, Schulsinger, F., & Penick, E. C. (1994). Thirty-year follow-up of men at high risk for alcoholism. In W. Shoemaker, T. F. Babor, V. M. Hesselbrock, V. M. Hesselbrock, & R. E.Meyer (Red.), Types of alcoholics: Evidence from clinical, experimental, and genetic research (pp. 97–101). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Gottesman, I. I., & Shields, J. (1971). Schizophrenia: Geneticism and environmentalism. Human Heredity, 21, 517–522.PubMedCrossRef

Guerrini, I., Cook, C. H., Kest, W., Devitgh, A., McQuillin, A., Curtis D., & Gurling, H. M. D. (2005). Genetic linkage analyses supports the presence of two susceptibility loci for alcoholism and heavy drinking on chromosome 1p22.1-11.2 and 1q21.3-24.2. bmc Genetics, 6.

Harden, K. P., Hill, J. E., Turkheimer, E., & Emery, R.E. (2008). Gene-Environment correlation and interaction in peer effects on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. Behavior Genetics, 38, 339–347.PubMedCrossRef

Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., Dinwiddie, S. H., Slutske, W. S., Bierut, L. J. e.a.(1997). Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in women and men. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1381–1396.PubMedCrossRef

Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., Bucholz, K. K., Dinwiddie, S. H., Slutske, W. S., Bierut, L. J. Rohrbaugh, J. W., Statham, D. J., Dunne, M. P., Whitfield, J. B., & Martin, N. G. (1999). Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1069–1081.PubMedCrossRef

Heath, A. C., & Nelson, E. C. (2002). Effects of the interaction between genotype and environment: Research into genetic epidemiology of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Health and Research World, 26, 193–201.

Heath, A. C., Todorov, A. A., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Geneenvironment interaction effects on behavioral variation and risk of complex disorders: The example of alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders. Twin Research, 1, 30–37.CrossRef

Heinz, A., Siessmeier, T., Wrasse, J., Hermann, D., Klein, S., Grusser, S. M. e.a. (2004). Correlation between dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral striatum and central alcohol processing of alcohol cues and craving. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1783–1789.PubMedCrossRef

Hill, S. Y., Shen, S., Lowers, L., & Locke, J. (2000). Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 265–275.PubMedCrossRef

Hutchison, K. E., LaChance, H., Niaura, R., Bryan, A., & Smolen, A. (2002). The drd4 vntr polymorphism influences reactivity to smoking cues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 134–143.PubMedCrossRef

Kaufman, J., & Gelernter, J. (2007). Reply. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 545.CrossRef

Kaufman, J., Yang, B., Douglas-Palumber, H., Crouse-Artus, M., Lipschitz, D., Krystal, J., & Gelernter, J. (2007). Genetic and environmental predictors of early alcohol use. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1228–1234.PubMedCrossRef

Koopmans, J. R., Slutske, W. S., van Baal, G. C. M., & Boomsma, D. (1999). The influence of religion on alcohol use initiation: Evidence for genotype X environment interaction. Behavior Genetics, 29, 445–453.PubMedCrossRef

Larsen, L., van der Zwaluw, C. S., Overbeek, G., Granic, I., Franke, B., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). The drd4 vntr polymorphism affects social adaptation of alcohol use: Investigation of a gene-environment interaction. Accepted for publication in Psychological Science.

Laucht, M., Treutlein, J., Schmid, B., Blomeyer, D., Becker, K., Buchmann, A. F., Schmidt, M. H., Esser, G., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Rietschel, M., Zimmerman, U. S., & Banaschewski, T. (2009). Impact of psychosocial adversity on alcohol intake in young adults: Moderation by the ll genotype of the serotonin transporter polymorphism. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 102–109.PubMedCrossRef

Lesch, K. P. (2005). Alcohol dependence and gene x environment interaction in emotion regulation: Is serotonin the link? European Journal of Pharmacology, 526, 113–124.PubMedCrossRef

Long, J. C., Knowler, W. C., Hanson, R. L., Robin, R.W., Urbanek, M., Moore, E., Bennett, P. H., Goldman, D. (1998). Evidence for genetic linkage to alcohol dependence on chromosome 4 and 11 from an autosomewide scan in an American Indian population. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 81, 216–221.PubMedCrossRef

Madrid, G. A., MacMurray, J., Lee, J. W., Anderson, B. A., & Comings, D. E. (2001). Stress as a mediating factor in the association between the drd2 taq1 polymorphism and alcoholism. Alcohol, 23, 117–122.PubMedCrossRef

Martin, N. G., Oakeshott, J. G., Gibson, J. B., Starmer, G. A., Perl, J., & Wilks, A. V. (1985). A twin study of psychomotor and physiological responses to an acute dose of alcohol. Behavior Genetics, 15, 305–347.PubMedCrossRef

McGeary, J. E., Esposito-Smythers, C., Spirito, A., & Monty, P. M. (2007). Associations of the dopamine D4 receptor gene vntr polymorphism with drug use in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86, 401–406.CrossRef

Moffitt, T. E. (2005). The new look of behavioural genetics in developmental psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviours. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 533–554.PubMedCrossRef

Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2006). Measured gene-environment interactions in psychopathology: Concepts, research strategies, and implications for research, intervention, and public understanding of genetics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 5–27.CrossRef

Nilsson, K. W., Sjöberg, R. L., Damberg, M., Alm, P., Öhrvik, J., Leppert, J., Lindström, L., & Oreland, L. (2005). Role of serotonin transporter gene and family function in adolescent alcohol consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 564–570.CrossRef

Nilsson, K.W., Sjöberg, R. L., Wargelius, H., Leppert, J., Lindström, L., & Oreland, L. (2007). The monoamine oxidase A (mao-a) gene, family function and maltreatment as predictors of destructive behaviour during male adolescent alcohol consumption. Addiction, 102, 389–398.PubMedCrossRef

Nilsson, K. W., Wargelius, H., Sjöberg, R. L., Leppert, J., & Oreland, L. (2008). The mao-a gene, platelet mao-b activity and psychosocial environment in adolescent female alcohol-related problem behaviour. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 9, 51–62.CrossRef

Nothnagel, M., & Rohde, K. (2005). The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism marker selection on patterns of haplotype blocks and haplotype frequency estimates. American Journal of Human Genetics, 77, 988–998.PubMedCrossRef

O’Connor, T. G., Deater, D. K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioural problems and coercive parenting. Devepmental Psychology, 34, 970–981.CrossRef

Olsson, C. A., Byrnes, G. B., Lotfi-Miri, M., Collins, V., Williamson, R., Patton, C., & Anney, R. J. L. (2005). Association between 5-httlpr genotypes and persisting patterns of anxiety and alcohol use: Results for a 10-year longitudinal study of adolescent mental health. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 868–876.PubMedCrossRef

Persaud, R. (2007). Failure to replicate gene-environment interactions in psychopathology. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 544–545.PubMedCrossRef

Pierce, R. C., & Kumaresan, V. (2006). The mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 215–238.PubMedCrossRef

Plomin, R., & Caspi, A. (1999). Behavioural genetics and personality. In O. P. John, & L. A. Pervin (Red.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 251–276). Tweede druk. New York: Guilford Press.

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behaviour. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 309–322.PubMedCrossRef

Poelen, E. A. P., Derks, E. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., van Leeuwe, J. F. J., Scholte, R. H. J., Willemsen, G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). The relative contribution of genes and environment to alcohol use in early adolescents: Are similar factors related to initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32, 1–8.CrossRef

Porjesz, B., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Jones, K. A., Padmanabhapillai, A., & Begleiter, H. (2005). The utility of neurophysiological markers in the study of alcoholism. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 993–1018.PubMedCrossRef

Prescott, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., Kuo, P-H., Webb, B. T., Vittum J., Patterson D. G. e.a. (2006). Genomewide linkage study in the Irish affected sib pair study of alcohol dependence: Evidence for a susceptibility region for symptoms of alcohol dependence on chromosome 4. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 603–611.PubMedCrossRef

Rangaswami, M., Porjesz, B., Chorlian, D. B., Choi, K., Jones, K. A., Wang, K. e.a. (2003). Theta power in the eeg of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 607–615.CrossRef

Ray, L. A., & Hutchison, K. E. (2004). A polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (oprm1) and sensitivity to the effects of alcohol in humans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 1789–1795.CrossRef

Reich, T., Edenberg, H. J., Goate, A., Williams, J. T., Rice, J. P. Van Eerdewegh, P., e.a. (1998). Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 81, 207–215.PubMedCrossRef

Rietschell M. (2008). Environment is important. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 323–324.CrossRef

Riley, B. P. (2008). Commentary on ‘The case for gene-environment interactions in psychiatry’. Current Opinion Psychiatryk, 21, 324–325.CrossRef

Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 54, 25–53.CrossRef

Rose, R. J. A. (1998). Developmental behavioural-genetic perspective on alcoholism risk. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22, 131–143.PubMed

Rose, R. J., & Dick, D. M. (2005). Gene-environment interplay in adolescent drinking behaviour. Alcohol Research and Health, 28, 222–229.

Rose, R. J., Dick, D. M., Viken, R. J., & Kaprio, J. (2001). Gene-environment interaction in patterns of adolescent drinking: Regional residency moderates longitudinal influences on alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 637–643.CrossRef

Rutter, M. (2002). The interplay of nature, nurture, and developmental influences: The challenge ahead for mental health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 996–1000.PubMedCrossRef

Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and behaviour; nature-nurture interplay explained. Malden, ma: Blackwell Publishing.

Rutter, M. (2005). Environmentally mediated risks for psychopathology: Research strategies and findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 3–18.PubMedCrossRef

Schuckit, M. A. (1994). Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 184–189.PubMed

Schuckit, M. A., Mazzanti, C., Smith, T. L., Ahmed, U., Radel, M., Iwata, N. e.a. (1999). Selective genotyping for the role of 5-ht _2A, 5-ht _2C, and gaba _a6 receptors and the serotonine transporter in the level of response to alcohol: A pilot study. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 647–651.PubMedCrossRef

Schuckit, M. A., & Smith, T. L. (1996). An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 202–210.PubMedCrossRef

Sher, K. J., Wallitzer, K. S., Wood, P. K., & Brent, E. E. (1991). Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 427–448.PubMedCrossRef

Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., Dinwiddie, S. H., Madden, P. A., Bucholz, K. K., Dunne, M. P. e.a. (1998). Common genetic risk factors for conduct disorder and alcohol dependence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 363–374.PubMedCrossRef

Spielman R. S., & Ewens W. J. (1996). Invited editorial: The tdt and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association. American Journal of Human Genetics, 59, 983–989.PubMed

Storey, J. D., & Tibshirani, R. (2003). Statistical significance for genomewide studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9440–9445.CrossRef

Uher, R. (2008). Forum: The case for gene-environment interactions in psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 318–321.PubMedCrossRef

Van den Wildenberg, E., Wiers, R.W., Dessers, J., Janssen, R. G. J. H., Lambrichs, E. H., Smeets, H. J. M. e.a. (2007). A functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (oprm1) influences cue-induced craving for alcohol in male heavy drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 1–10.CrossRef

Van der Zwaluw, C. S., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2009). Gene-environment interactions and alcohol use and dependence: Current status and future challenges. Addiction, 104, 907–914.PubMedCrossRef

Van der Zwaluw C. S., Engels R. C. M. E., Buitelaar J., Verkes R., Franke B., & Scholte R. H. J. (2009). Polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (dat1) and the implications for alcohol dependence in humans: A systematic review. Pharmacogenomics, 10, 853–866.PubMedCrossRef

Van der Zwaluw, C. S., Engels, R. C. M. E., Vermulst, A. A., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J., Verkes, R. J., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2010a). Interaction between dopamine D2 receptor genotype and parental rule-setting in adolescent alcohol use: evidence for a gene-parenting interaction. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 727–735.CrossRef

Van der Zwaluw, C. S., Larsen, H., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010b). Best friends and alcohol use in adolescence: The role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Under review at Addiction Biology.

Van der Zwaluw, C. S., Van den Wildenberg, E., Wiers, R. W., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2007). Polymorphisms in the mu-opioid receptor gene (oprm1) and the implications for alcohol dependence in humans. Pharmacogenomics, 8, 1427–1436.PubMedCrossRef

Verdurmen, J., Monshouwer, K., Van Dorsselaer, S., Ter Bogt, T., & Vollebergh, W. (2005). Alcohol use and mental health in adolescence: Interactions with age and gender. Findings from the Dutch 2001 health behavior in school-aged children survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 605–609.PubMed

Viken, R. J., Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M., & Rose, R. J. (1999). Longitudinal analyses of the determinants of drinking and of drinking to intoxication in adolescent twins. Behavior Genetics, 29, 455–461.PubMedCrossRef

Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006). Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction. Eerste druk. Thousand Oaks, ca: Sage Publications, Inc.

Zammit, S. (2008). Commentary on ‘The case for gene-environment interactions in psychiatry’.Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 326–327.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Gen-omgevinginteracties in alcoholgebruik
Auteurs: Carmen S. van der Zwaluw
Rutger C. M. E. Engels
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2010
Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in: Kind en adolescent / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0167-2436
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-5998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12453-010-0721-7

Voorwoord

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Gen-omgevinginteracties in alcoholgebruik

Samenvatting

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Roken, drinken en blowen door de Nederlandse jeugd

Slotbeschouwing

Voorwoord

Rook- en alcoholspecifieke opvoeding

Selectieve en geïndiceerde preventie van problematisch middelengebruik bij jongeren

Summaries

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Samenvatting

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Roken, drinken en blowen door de Nederlandse jeugd

Slotbeschouwing

Voorwoord

Rook- en alcoholspecifieke opvoeding

Selectieve en geïndiceerde preventie van problematisch middelengebruik bij jongeren

Summaries