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Psychological Research
Gepubliceerd in:

01-03-2013 | Original Article

Processing numerosity, length and duration in a three-dimensional Stroop-like task: towards a gradient of processing automaticity?

Auteurs: Valérie Dormal, Mauro Pesenti

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 2/2013

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Abstract

The existence of a possible continuum of automaticity for numerosity, length and duration processing was tested with a three-dimensional Stroop-like paradigm. Participants had to compare the numerosity, the length or the duration of two successive linear arrays of sequentially flashed dots in which the three dimensions were manipulated independently to create congruent, incongruent or neutral pairs. The results show that numerosity and length both affected duration processing separately and cumulatively, whereas temporal cues did not influence judgements of numerosity or length. Moreover, length and numerosity influenced each other, with numerical cues having a stronger influence on length processing than the reverse. These findings support the idea that, in sequentially presented stimuli, numerosity, length and duration are processed with different levels of automaticity, with numerosity being processed most, and duration least automatically.
vorige artikel Measuring the allocation of attention in the Stroop task: evidence from eye movement patterns
volgende artikel The impact of task rules on distracter processing: automatic categorization of irrelevant stimuli
Voetnoten
1
The size-congruity paradigm also investigates the bilateral influence between numerical and spatial dimensions but with stimuli in symbolic notation. In this paradigm, the numerical magnitude and the physical size of Arabic digits are varied independently and participants have to judge either the physical size of the digits while ignoring their numerical magnitude, or the numerical magnitude while ignoring their physical size. Typically, physical size interferes with numerical processing and vice versa, showing that the participants are unable to ignore the irrelevant dimension and implicitly process this dimension (e.g., Henik & Tzelgov, 1982).
 
2
In separate analyses, the relevant distance (small or large) was introduced as an additional within-subject variable. A main effect was found on latencies (mean RLs for small: 450 ± 119 ms, for large: 436 ± 115 ms), F(1, 51) = 8.601, p < 0.01, and on error rate (% of errors for small: 22.7 ± 9.7, for large: 14.9 ± 11.8), F(1, 51) = 184.996, p < 0.001. In the error rate analysis, the relevant distance entered into some interactions but, as it never changed the direction of the main effect of other factors, it was not included in the main analysis. It is also worth noting that irrelevant dimensions 1 and 2 changed depending on the task (e.g., for the numerosity task, the irrelevant dimensions were length and duration; for the length task, the irrelevant dimensions were numerosity and duration, etc.)
 
3
To ensure that the presentation duration was not a confounded variable possibly affecting the error rate (for example, it could be globally more difficult to process 700-ms than 1,300-ms stimuli), a post-hoc analysis was carried out on the mean percentage of errors as a function of presentation duration. This analysis revealed no significant difference (mean % of errors for 700 ms: 15.3 ± 11.6, for 1,300 ms: 14.1 ± 10.8), t(17) = 1.969, p > 0.07.
 
4
Again, a post-hoc paired t-test showed no difference between stimuli lasting 700 ms and those lasting 1,300 ms (mean % of errors for 700 ms: 17.4 ± 11.5, for 1,300 ms: 18.1 ± 12), t(17) = 1.205, p > 0.2.
 
5
Even if there was no reliable statistical difference in the latencies between the three tasks in the neutral conditions, participants were slightly faster for numerosity processing and slower for the length comparison. However, these weak differences in the relative speed of processing cannot account for the observed effects of interference. Indeed, classical “Horse Race” models (Dyer, 1973; Schwarz & Ischebeck, 2003) predict an interference of the fastest processed dimension on the slowest one, but not the reverse. Yet, here, although length was processed more slowly than numerosity and duration, it interfered with these two dimensions. (Note that whatever be the task, participants had to wait till the end of the presentation of the array to be able to answer; anticipated responses were discarded from the analyses.)
 
6
A statistically significant main effect of duration was observed on error rates in the numerosity task, but it is worth noting that this effect did not correspond to a regular pattern of facilitation and interference. It was only due to the congruent condition leading to more errors, which in fact stemmed from the incongruency effect of length.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Processing numerosity, length and duration in a three-dimensional Stroop-like task: towards a gradient of processing automaticity?
Auteurs
Valérie Dormal
Mauro Pesenti
Publicatiedatum
01-03-2013
Uitgeverij
Springer-Verlag
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0414-3

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