Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Review of available methods of simulation training to facilitate surgical education

  • Published:
Surgical Endoscopy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The old paradigm of “see one, do one, teach one” has now changed to “see several, learn the skills and simulation, do one, teach one.” Modern medicine over the past 30 years has undergone significant revolutions from earlier models made possible by significant technological advances. Scientific and technological progress has made these advances possible not only by increasing the complexity of procedures, but also by increasing the ability to have complex methods of training to perform these sophisticated procedures. Simulators in training labs have been much more embraced outside the operating room, with advanced cardiac life support using hands-on models (CPR “dummy”) as well as a fusion with computer-based testing for examinations ranging from the United States medical licensure exam to the examinations administered by the American Board of Surgery and the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Thus, the development of training methods that test both technical skills and clinical acumen may be essential to help achieve both safety and financial goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Diagram 1
Photo 3
Photo 4
Photo 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sinha P, Hogle NJ, Fowler DL (2008) Do the laparoscopic skills of trainees deteriorate over time? Surg Endosc 22:2018–2025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bridges M, Diamond DL (1999) The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room. Am J Surg 177:28–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Haluck RS, Marshall RL, Krummel TM, Melkonian MG (2001) Are surgery training programs ready for virtual reality? A survey of program directors in general surgery. J Am Coll Surg 193:660–665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) (2009). http://www.acgme.org/acWebsite/RRC_440/440_prIndex.asp. Accessed 23 March 2009

  5. Edwards JC, Sadoski M, Burdenski TK (2004) Physicians’ reported use of mental images and language in clinical reasoning. Imag Cogn Person 24:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Martin KA, Moritz SE, Hall CR (1999) Imagery use in sport: a literature review and applied model. Sport Psychol 13:245–268

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sanders CW, Sadoski M, Bramson R, Wiprud R, Van Walsum K (2004) Comparing the effects of physical practice and mental imagery rehearsal on learning basic surgical skills by medical students. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:1811–1814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Satava RM (2008) Historical review of surgical simulation: a personal perspective. World J Surg 32:141–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Moore MJ, Bennett CL (1995) The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The southern surgeons club. Am J Surg 170:55–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Heemskerk J, Zandbergen R, Maessen JG, Greve JW, Bouvy ND (2006) Advantages of advanced laparoscopic systems. Surg Endosc 20:730–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Harinath G, Shah PR, Haray PN, Foster ME (2005) Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in Great Britain and Ireland: where are we now? Colorectal Dis 7:86–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schwab KE, Dowson HM, Van Dellen J, Marks CG, Rockall TA (2009) The uptake of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in Great Britain and Ireland: a questionnaire survey of consultant members of the ACPGBI. Colorectal Dis 11:318–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mavrantonis C, Wexner SD, Nogueras JJ, Weiss E, Potenti F, Pikarsky AJ (2002) Current attitudes in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc 16:1152–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Rosenberg J (2003) Impact of hand dominance, gender, and experience with computer games on performance in virtual reality laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 17:1082–1085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rosenberg BH, Landsittel D, Averch TD (2005) Can video games be used to predict or improve laparoscopic skills? J Endourol 19:372–376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rosser JC, Lynch PJ, Cuddihy L, Gentile DA, Klonsky J, Merrell R (2007) The impact of video games on training surgeons in the 21st century. Arch Surg 142:181–186 discussion 186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bokhari R, Bollman-Mcgregor J, Kahol K, SmithDesign M, Feinstein A, Ferrara J (2010) Development, and validation of a take-home simulator for fundamental laparoscopic skills: using Nintendo Wii for surgical training. Am Surg 76(6):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Subramonian K, DeSylva S, Bishai P, Thompson P, Muir G (2004) Acquiring surgical skills: a comparative study of open versus laparoscopic surgery. Eur Urol 45:346–351; author reply 351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hogle NJ, Widmann WD, Ude AO, Hardy MA, Fowler DL (2008) Does training novices to criteria and does rapid acquisition of skills on laparoscopic simulators have predictive validity or are we just playing video games? J Surg Educ 65:431–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Korndorffer JR Jr, Stefanidis D, Scott DJ (2006) Laparoscopic skills laboratories: current assessment and a call for resident training standards. Am J Surg 191:17–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (2008) Responsibility in the use of animals in bioscience research: expectations of the major research council and charitable funding bodies. http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/page.asp?id=871

  22. Bruynzeel H, de Bruin AF, Bonjer HJ, Lange JF, Hop WC, Ayodeji ID, Kazemier G (2007) Desktop simulator: key to universal training? Surg Endosc 21:1637–1640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Simulab. http://www.3-dmed.com/

  24. Hogle NJ, Chang L, Strong VE, Welcome AO, Sinaan M, Bailey R, Fowler DL (2009) Validation of laparoscopic surgical skills training outside the operating room: a long road. Surg Endosc 23:1476–1482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gurusamy K, Aggarwal R, Palanivelu L, Davidson BR (2008) Systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of virtual reality training for laparoscopic surgery. Br J Surg 95:1088–1097

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Botden SM, Buzink SN, Schijven MP, Jakimowicz JJ (2007) Augmented versus virtual reality laparoscopic simulation: what is the difference? A comparison of the ProMIS augmented reality laparoscopic simulator versus LapSim virtual reality laparoscopic simulator. World J Surg 31:764–772

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Botden SM, Jakimowicz JJ (2008) What is going on in augmented reality simulation in laparoscopic surgery? Surg Endosc 23:1693–1700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chmarra MK, Dankelman J, van den Dobbelsteen JJ, Jansen FW (2008) Force feedback and basic laparoscopic skills. Surg Endosc 22:2140–2148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Seymour NE, Gallagher AG, Roman SA, O’Brien MK, Bansal VK, Andersen DK, Satava RM (2002) Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg 236:458–463 discussion 463–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. LapSim. http://www.surgical-science.com

  31. Aggarwal R, Ward J, Balasundaram I, Sains P, Athanasiou T, Darzi A (2007) Proving the effectiveness of virtual reality simulation for training in laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg 246:771–779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. van Dongen KW, Tournoij E, van der Zee DC, Schijven MP, Broeders IA (2007) Construct validity of the LapSim: can the LapSim virtual reality simulator distinguish between novices and experts? Surg Endosc 21:1413–1417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Verdaasdonk EG, Dankelman J, Lange JF, Stassen LP (2008) Transfer validity of laparoscopic knot-tying training on a VR simulator to a realistic environment: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 22:1636–1642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Verdaasdonk EG, Stassen LP, Monteny LJ, Dankelman J (2006) Validation of a new basic virtual reality simulator for training of basic endoscopic skills: the SIMENDO. Surg Endosc 20:511–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Verdaasdonk EG, Stassen LP, Schijven MP, Dankelman J (2007) Construct validity and assessment of the learning curve for the SIMENDO endoscopic simulator. Surg Endosc 21:1406–1412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Verdaasdonk EG, Stassen LP, van Wijk RP, Dankelman J (2007) The influence of different training schedules on the learning of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 21:214–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kommu SS, Rimington P, Anderson C, Rane A (2007) Initial experience with the EndoAssist camera-holding robot in laparoscopic urological surgery. J Robotic Surg 1:133–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Aiono S, Gilbert JM, Soin B, Finlay PA, Gordan A (2002) Controlled trial of the introduction of a robotic camera assistant (EndoAssist) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 16:1267–1270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. den Boer KT, Bruijn M, Jaspers JE, Stassen LP, Erp WF, Jansen A, Go PM, Dankelman J, Gouma DJ (2002) Time-action analysis of instrument positioners in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 16:142–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wagner AA, Varkarakis IM, Link RE, Sullivan W, Su LM (2006) Comparison of surgical performance during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy of two robotic camera holders, EndoAssist, and AESOP: a pilot study. Urology 68:70–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Buess GF, Arezzo A, Schurr MO, Ulmer F, Fisher H, Gumb L, Testa T, Nobman C (2000) A new remote-controlled endoscope-positioning system for endoscopic solo surgery. The FIPS endoarm. Surg Endosc 14:395–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Minor Martinez A, Villalobos Gomez J, Ordorica Flores R, Lorias Espinoza D (2009) Postural mechatronic assistant for laparoscopic solo surgery (PMASS). Surg Endosc 23:663–667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K, Fusai G, Davidson BR (2009) Robot assistant for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006578

  44. Nishikawa A, Nakagoe H, Taniguchi K, Yamada Y, Sekimoto M, Takiguchi S, Monden M, Miyazaki F (2008) How does the camera assistant decide the zooming ratio of laparoscopic images? Analysis and implementation. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 11:611–618

    Google Scholar 

  45. Peters JH, Fried GM, Swanstrom LL, Soper NJ, Sillin LF, Schirmer B, Hoffman K, SAGES FLS Committee (2004) Development and validation of a comprehensive program of education and assessment of the basic fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery. Surgery 135:21–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fried GM (2008) FLS assessment of competency using simulated laparoscopic tasks. J Gastrointest Surg 12:210–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Escarce JJ, Bloom BS, Hillman AL, Shea JA, Schwartz JS (1995) Diffusion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy among general surgeons in the United States. Med Care 33:256–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosures

Steven D. Wexner was a consultant for Simendo. Badma Bashankaev and Sergey Baido have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard, Weston, FL, 33331, USA

    Badma Bashankaev & Steven D. Wexner

  2. Department of General Surgery, Novgorod State University, Wise Novgorod, Russia

    Sergey Baido

Authors
  1. Badma Bashankaev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sergey Baido
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Steven D. Wexner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven D. Wexner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bashankaev, B., Baido, S. & Wexner, S.D. Review of available methods of simulation training to facilitate surgical education. Surg Endosc 25, 28–35 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1123-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1123-x

Keywords