Top

02-04-2025 | Empirical Research

Longitudinal Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Peer Victimization in Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function and Social Anxiety

Auteurs: Qingqing Li, Xue Shen, Yuqin Tu, Zongkui Zhou, Jing Wang

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Abstract

Prior research shows that parental psychological flexibility can benefit children’s social adjustment, but its role in mitigating peer victimization remains unclear. This study addressed this gap by examining the potential mediating roles of executive function and social anxiety in the longitudinal relationship between parental psychological flexibility and peer victimization. The sample comprised 511 primary school students (grades 4–6; 46.58% girls; M_age = 9.34, SD = 1.10) and their parents, followed three waves across one year. Results showed that parental psychological flexibility was negatively correlated with low executive function, social anxiety, and peer victimization. Structural equation modeling revealed that parental psychological flexibility predicted lower peer victimization both directly and indirectly through two distinct pathways—social anxiety alone and a chained mediation link from executive function to social anxiety. These findings underscore the importance and key explanatory mechanisms of parental psychological flexibility in mitigating the risk of peer victimization among children and early adolescence, offering valuable insights for the development of prevention and intervention strategies.

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Binder, A. S, Brown, H. R, & Harvey, E. A (2020). Executive function and trajectories of emotion dysregulation in children with parent-reported behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(4), 481–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00616-4.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, F. L, Whittingham, K, & Sofronoff, K (2015). Parental experiential avoidance as a potential mechanism of change in a parenting intervention for parents of children with pediatric acquired brain injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(4), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu109.CrossRefPubMed

Boele, S, Van der Graaff, J, de Wied, M, Van der Valk, IE, Crocetti, E, & Branje, S (2019). Linking Parent-Child and Peer Relationship Quality to Empathy in Adolescence: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. J Youth Adolesc, 48(6), 1033–1055.PubMedPubMedCentral

Brassell, A, Rosenberg, E, Parent, J, Rough, J, Fondacaro, K, & Seehuus, M (2016). Parent’s psychological flexibility: Associations with parenting and child psychosocial well-being. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.03.001.CrossRef

Burke, K, & Moore, S (2015). Development of the parental psychological flexibility questionnaire. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 46(4), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0495-x.CrossRefPubMed

Buzzell, G. A, Morales, S, Bowers, M. E, Troller-Renfree, S. V, Chronis-Tuscano, A, Pine, D. S, Henderson, H. A, & Fox, N. A (2021). Inhibitory control and set shifting describe different pathways from behavioral inhibition to socially anxious behavior. Developmental Science, 24(7), e13040. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13040.CrossRefPubMed

Byrne, G., Ghráda, Á. N., O’Mahony, T., & Brennan, E. (2021). A systematic review of the use of acceptance and commitment therapy in supporting parents. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94, 378–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12282.CrossRef

Cao, J., Gou, M., Han, X., Li, D., & Zhou, G. (2024). Co-parenting, parental burnout, child internalizing and externalizing problems: Moderation by parental psychological flexibility. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02828-9

Carter, T., Pascoe, M., Bastounis, A., Morres, I. D., Callaghan, P., & Parker, A. G. (2021). The effect of physical activity on anxiety in children and young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 285, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.026.CrossRefPubMed

Chen, X. (2012). Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00187.x.CrossRef

Chiu, K., Clark, D. M., & Leigh, E. (2021). Prospective associations between peer functioning and social anxiety in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.055.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Christina, S., Magson, N. R., Kakar, V., & Rapee, R. M. (2021). The bidirectional relationships between peer victimization and internalizing problems in school-aged children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101979.CrossRefPubMed

Claus, N, Takano, K, & Wittekind, C. E (2023). The interplay between cognitive biases, attention control, and social anxiety symptoms: A network and cluster approach. Plos One, 18(4), e282259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282259.CrossRef

Cooley, J. L, Frazer, A. L, Fite, P. J, Brown, S, & Dipierro, M (2017). Anxiety symptoms as a moderator of the reciprocal links between forms of aggression and peer victimization in middle childhood. Aggressive Behavior, 43(5), 450–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21703.CrossRefPubMed

Daks, J. S., Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.CrossRefPubMed

Drake, K, Belsky, J, & Fearon, R. M (2014). From early attachment to engagement with learning in school: the role of self-regulation and persistence. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1350–1361. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032779.CrossRefPubMed

Ellis, M. L, Weiss, B, & Lochman, J. E (2009). Executive functions in children: Associations with aggressive behavior and appraisal processing. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(7), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9321-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fisher, P. A., & Skowron, E. A. (2017). Social-learning parenting intervention research in the era of translational neuroscience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.017.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Forbes, M. K., Fitzpatrick, S., Magson, N. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2019). Depression, anxiety, and peer victimization: Bidirectional relationships and associated outcomes transitioning from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 692–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0922-6.CrossRefPubMed

Georgiou, S. N, Ioannou, M, & Stavrinides, P (2018). Cultural values as mediators between parenting styles and bullying behavior at school. Social Psychology of Education, 21(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9413-y.CrossRef

Guo, H. Y, Chen, L. H, Ye, Z, Pan, J, & Lin, D. H (2017). Characteristics of peer victimization and the bidirectional relationship between peer victimization and internalizing problems among rural-to-urban migrant children in China: A longitudinal study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2017.00336.CrossRef

Gunther, K. E., & Pérez-Edgar, K. (2021). Dopaminergic associations between behavioral inhibition, executive functioning, and anxiety in development. Developmental Review, 60, 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100966.CrossRef

Harden, K. P, & Tucker-Drob, E. M (2011). Individual differences in the development of sensation seeking and impulsivity during adolescence: Further evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 47(3), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023279.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, S. C, Luoma, J. B, Bond, F. W, Masuda, A, & Lillis, J (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.CrossRefPubMed

Holmes, C. J, Kim-Spoon, J, & Deater-Deckard, K (2016). Linking executive function and peer problems from early childhood through middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0044-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hong, J. S, Espelage, D. L, & Rose, C. A (2019). Bullying, peer victimization, and child and adolescent health: An Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2329–2334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01502-9.CrossRef

Hu, L. T, & Bentler, P. M (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Huang, C. H, Tang, Y. C, Wang, L. G, Xie, D. J, Fan, C. L, & Gao, W. B (2014). Development of adolescent executive function scale. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science, 23(5), 463–465. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2014.05.025.CrossRef

Jenkins, L. N, Tennant, J. E, & Demaray, M. K (2018). Executive functioning and bullying participant roles: Differences for boys and girls. Journal of School Violence, 17(4), 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1453822.CrossRef

Jones, J. D., Timblin, H., Rahmani, E., Garrett, S., Bunch, J., Beaver, H., & Hill, C. R. (2021). Physical activity as a mediator of anxiety and cognitive functioning in Parkinson’s disease. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 20, 100382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100382.CrossRef

Kellij, S, Lodder, G. M, van den Bedem, N, Güroğlu, B, & Veenstra, R (2022). The social cognitions of victims of bullying: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 7(3), 287–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00183-8.CrossRef

Kerns, K. A, & Brumariu, L. E (2014). Is insecure parent–child attachment a risk factor for the development of anxiety in childhood or adolescence? Child Development Perspectives, 8(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12054.CrossRefPubMed

Kishimoto, T, Ji, X, & Ding, X (2023). The multivariate associations among bullying experiences, executive function, and psychological disturbance. School Mental Health, 15(4), 1158–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-023-09612-y.CrossRef

Lecce, S, Bianco, F, & Ronchi, L (2020). Executive function in the school context: The role of peer relationships. Infant and Child Development, 29(1), e2151. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2151.CrossRef

Levens, S. M, Muhtadie, L, & Gotlib, I. H (2009). Rumination and impaired resource allocation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(4), 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Li, M. L, Ren, Y. J, Yang, J, & Lei, X. Y (2020). Influence of physical activities on social anxiety of left-behind children in rural areas: Mediating role of psychological capital. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(6), 1297–1300. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.06.045. 1296.CrossRef

Li, Y. H, Lu, Y. Y, Bao, X. H, Ceng, C. Q, Li, T, & Wang, Y. M (2024). The impact of father’ s co-parenting on the friendship quality among primary school students: the chain mediating effect of father-child attachment and emotional regulation ability. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2024.02.038.CrossRef

Lievore, R., Cardillo, R., & Mammarella, I. C. (2024). Let’ s face it! The role of social anxiety and executive functions in recognizing others’ emotions from faces: Evidence from autism and specific learning disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579424000038

Lin, D. H, Feng, S. H, Shen, Z. J, & Xiao, J. L (2024). The relationship between parent-child communication and peer victimization among rural-to-urban migrant children: Based on latent profile analysis. Psychological Development and Education, 40(06), 832–844. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2024.06.08.CrossRef

Liu, F, Huo, R, Han, C. C, Wang, M. Y, & Yang, H. B (2022). The influence of executive function on emotion regulation strategy use tendency and emotion regulation effect? Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 20(3), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.03.014.CrossRef

Ludyga, S, Gerber, M, Pühse, U, Looser, V. N, & Kamijo, K (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 603–612. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0851-8.CrossRefPubMed

Martins, E. C, Osório, A, Veríssimo, M, & Martins, C (2014). Emotion understanding in preschool children: The role of executive functions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414556096.CrossRef

Mcdougall, P, & Vaillancourt, T (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence: Pathways to adjustment and maladjustment. American Psychologist, 70(4), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039174.CrossRefPubMed

Morea, A. & Calvete, E. (2022). Understanding the perpetuation of cyberbullying victimization in adolescents: The role of executive functions. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(10), 1299–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00926-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185631.CrossRefPubMed

Moyer, D. N., Page, A. R., McMakin, D. Q., Murrell, A. R., Lester, E. G., & Walker, H. A. (2018). The impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on positive parenting strategies among parents who have experienced relationship violence. Journal of Family Violence, 33, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-9956-5.CrossRef

Moyer, D. N., & Sandoz, E. K. (2015). The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between parent and adolescent distress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1406–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9947-y.CrossRef

Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development of the multidimensional peer-victimization scale. Aggressive Behavior, 26(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:2<169::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-A.CrossRef

Neumann, R, Völker, J, Hajba, Z, & Seiler, S (2021). Lesions and reduced working memory impair emotion recognition in self and others. Cognition and Emotion, 35(8), 1527–1542. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1983521.CrossRefPubMed

Ollendick, T. H., & Benoit, K. E. (2012). A parent–child interactional model of social anxiety disorder in youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0108-1.CrossRefPubMed

Pallini, S, Chirumbolo, A, Morelli, M, Baiocco, R, Laghi, F, & Eisenberg, N (2018). The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(5), 501–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000134.CrossRefPubMed

Parke, R. D, & Ladd, G. W (2016). Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage. London. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315625928.CrossRef

Peng, C, Wang, L, Guo, Z, Sun, P, Yao, X, Yuan, M, & Kou, Y (2024). Bidirectional longitudinal associations between parental psychological control and peer victimization among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(4), 967–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01910-7.CrossRefPubMed

Peng, S, Wang, X, Niu, G. F, Zhang, H. P, & Hu, X. G (2019). Fear of negative evaluation on social anxiety: Base on cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. Psychological Development and Education, 35(01), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2019.01.14.CrossRef

Riskind, J. H, & Alloy, L. B (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to psychological disorders: Overview of theory, design, and methods. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(7), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.7.705.CrossRef

Romer, A. L., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2021). Is executive dysfunction a risk marker or consequence of psychopathology? A test of executive function as a prospective predictor and outcome of general psychopathology in the adolescent brain cognitive development study®. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 51, 100994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100994.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rothenberg, W. A, Ali, S, Rohner, R. P, Lansford, J. E, Britner, P. A, Di Giunta, L, Dodge, K. A, Malone, P. S, Oburu, P, Pastorelli, C, Skinner, A. T, Sorbring, E, Steinberg, L, Tapanya, S, Uribe Tirado, L. M, Yotanyamaneewong, S, Alampay, L. P, Al-Hassan, S. M, Bacchini, D, & Deater-Deckard, K (2022). Effects of parental acceptance-rejection on children’ s internalizing and externalizing behaviors: A longitudinal, multicultural study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(1), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02072-5.CrossRefPubMed

Schulte, M, Trujillo, N, Rodríguez-Villagra, O. A, Salas, N, Ibañez, A, Carriedo, N, & Huepe, D (2022). The role of executive functions, social cognition and intelligence in predicting social adaptation of vulnerable populations. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18693. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21985-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Siegel, R. S., La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2009). Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescents: Prospective and reciprocal relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1096–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9392-1.CrossRefPubMed

Sutin, A. R., Sesker, A. A., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2022). Socioeconomic status, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and executive function in adolescence: A longitudinal study with multiple informants. Psychiatry research, 313, 114585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114585.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Valcan, D. S, Davis, H, & Pino-Pasternak, D (2018). Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(3), 607–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9411-9.CrossRef

van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Zwaanswijk, W., & Vedder, P. (2022). Does peer victimization predict future suicidal ideation? A meta-analysis on longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 64, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101577.CrossRef

Wang, X., & Feng, T. (2024). Does executive function affect children’s peer relationships more than emotion understanding? A Longitudinal study based on latent growth model. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 66, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.10.010.CrossRef

Wang, Y. J, Zhang, Y, & Li, Y (2022). Mothers’ parental psychological flexibility and children’ s anxiety: The chain-mediating role of parenting stress and parent-child relationship. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(6), 1418–1422. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2022.06.031.CrossRef

Wang, Y, & Zhou, X (2019). Longitudinal relations between executive function and internalizing problems in grade school: The role of peer difficulty and academic performance. Developmental Psychology, 55(10), 2147–2158. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000790.CrossRefPubMed

Wen, X, Shu, Y, Qu, D, Wang, Y, Cui, Z, Zhang, X, & Chen, R (2023). Associations of bullying perpetration and peer victimization subtypes with preadolescent’s suicidality, non-suicidal self-injury, neurocognition, and brain development. BMC medicine, 21(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02808-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Williams, K. E, Ciarrochi, J, & Heaven, P. C. L (2012). Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: A 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0.CrossRefPubMed

Xie, S, Xu, J, & Gao, Y (2022). Bullying victimization, coping strategies, and depression of children of China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), 195–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520907361.CrossRefPubMed

Zainal, N. H, & Newman, M. G (2022). Executive functioning constructs in anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, post-traumatic stress, and related disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 24(12), 871–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01390-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang, B. K, Fan, C. L, Wang, L. G, Tao, T, & Gao, W. B (2022). Relationship between anxiety of preschoolers and psychological flexibility of their mothers. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 36(9), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2022.09.010.CrossRef

Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., & Guo, C. (2019). Executive function and resilience as mediators of adolescents’ perceived stressful life events and school adjustment. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00446.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhuang, M, Wei, X, & Jin, X (2023). Mother’ s parental psychological flexibility and children’ s self-reliance behaviors in Chinese primary school: The mediating role of resilience. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(5), 1360–1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02575-3.CrossRef

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J, & Duffy, A. L (2014). Heightened emotional sensitivity intensifies associations between relational aggression and victimization among girls but not boys: A longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000303.CrossRefPubMed

La Greca, A. M., & LopezN., (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations andfriendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Longitudinal Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Peer Victimization in Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function and Social Anxiety
Auteurs: Qingqing Li
Xue Shen
Yuqin Tu
Zongkui Zhou
Jing Wang
Publicatiedatum: 02-04-2025
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02170-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Longitudinal Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Peer Victimization in Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function and Social Anxiety

Abstract

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Welkom bij Scalda & Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Registreer

Login

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen