Introduction
Method
Search Parameters
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria and Eligibility
Data Extraction
Results
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visual memory | ||||||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | ROCF (Delayed) | Severe ANX (16.1), CTRL (16.8) | No | 0.12 |
Mild ANX (18.8), CTRL (16.8) | No | 0.29 | ||||
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | CANTAB (Pattern Recognition Memory—Number Correct) | GAD (21.47), CTRL (22.09) | No | 0.24 |
Kristensen and Oerbeck (2006) | SM (32) CTRL (62) | 6–17 years | Pointing to cubes on a tray in order task | SM (5.2), CTRL (5.2) | No | 0.00 |
BVRT (# correct) | SM (4.8) < CTRL (6.3) | Yes | 0.53 | |||
Manassis et al. (2007a) | SM (44) ANX (28) CTRL (19) | 6–10 years | Visual Patterns Test | SM (67.89) < CTRL (81.74) | Yes | 0.86 |
ANX (77.18), CTRL (81.74) | No | 0.28 | ||||
Toren et al. (2000) | ANX (19) CTRL (14) | 6–18 years | ROCF (Immediate) | ANX (17.6), CTRL (18.7) | No | 0.17 |
ROCF (Delayed) | ANX (17.4), CTRL (18.3) | No | 0.15 | |||
Vasa et al. (2007) | ANX (57) CTRL (103) | 9–20 years | WRAML | ANX (8.39) < CTRL (9.75) | Yes | 0.62 |
Verbal memory | ||||||
Günther et al. (2004) | ANX (34) DEP (31) CTRL (33) | 6–17 years | RAVLT (Free Recall) | ANX (28.6), CTRL (31.5) | No | 0.49 |
RAVLT (Delayed Recall) | ANX (13.4), CTRL (13.8) | No | 0.23 | |||
RAVLT (Recognition) | ANX (14.6), CTRL (14.8) | No | 0.26 | |||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41—split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | WMS-III A + B (Immediate) | Severe ANX (21.2), CTRL (21.2) | No | 0.00 |
Mild ANX (23.4), CTRL (21.2) | No | 0.35 | ||||
WMS-III A + B (Delayed) | Severe ANX (18.5), CTRL (18.3) | No | 0.03 | |||
Mild ANX (21.5), CTRL (18.3) | No | 0.54 | ||||
RAVLT (1st list) | Severe ANX (4.8), CTRL (5.1) | No | 0.17 | |||
Mild ANX (5.1), CTRL (5.1) | No | 0.00 | ||||
RAVLT (7th list) | Severe ANX (9.1), CTRL (10.0) | No | 0.38 | |||
Mild ANX (10.0), CTRL (10.0) | No | 0.00 | ||||
Kristensen and Oerbeck (2006) | SM (32) CTRL (62) | 6–17 years | WISC-R (Digit Span) | SM (5.2) < CTRL (5.9) | Yes | 0.58 |
Toren et al. (2000) | ANX (19) CTRL (14) | 6–18 years | CVLT (Immediate Recall) | ANX (11.5), CTRL (12.9) | No | 0.29 |
CVLT (Delayed Recall) | ANX (11.6), CTRL (12.0) | No | 0.13 | |||
CVLT (Recognition) | ANX (13.1), CTRL (14.4) | No | 0.68 | |||
Vasa et al. (2007) | ANX (57) CTRL (103) | 9–20 years | WRAML | ANX (10.51), CTRL (10.90) | No | 0.12 |
Combined verbal memory, visual memory, and working memory | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (58.8), CTRL (55.87) | No | 0.31 |
Episodic Memory
Language
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Receptive vocabulary | ||||||
Kristensen and Oerbeck (2006) | SM (32) CTRL (62) | 6–17 years | PPVT-3 | SM (99.5) < CTRL (113.7) | Yes | 0.63 |
Manassis et al. (2007a) | SM (44) ANX (28) CTRL (19) | 6–10 years | PPVT-3 | SM (97.35) < CTRL (110.95) | Yes | 0.96 |
ANX (111.00), CTRL (110.95) | No | 0.00 | ||||
TROG | SM (89.86) < CTRL (102.26) | Yes | 0.70 | |||
ANX (100.86), CTRL (102.26) | No | 0.09 | ||||
Milic et al. (2020) | SM (25) Soc (17) CTRL (17) | 3–7 years | PPVT-IV | SM (95.4) < CTRL (114.1); SOC (105.2) | Yes | 1.38 |
Nowakowski et al. (2009) | SM (30–13 female) ANX (46–19 female) CTRL (27–14 female) | 6–10 years | PPVT-3 | Female: SM (105.92) < CTRL (116.07) | Yes | 1.11 |
Female: ANX (102.53) < CTRL (116.07) | Yes | 1.16 | ||||
Male: SM (102.67), CTRL (108.58) | No | 0.44 | ||||
Male: ANX (108.83), CTRL (108.58) | No | 0.02 | ||||
Combined receptive and expressive language | ||||||
Davis III et al. (2008) | Pure ANX: ANX (12) CTRL (17) | 7–16 years | WIAT | ANX (108.7), CTRL (113.8) | No | 0.32 |
Combined oral and written language | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (5.62), CTRL (5.35) | No | 0.14 |
Phonemic awareness | ||||||
Manassis et al. (2007a) | SM (44) ANX (28) CTRL (19) | 6–10 years | LACT (Total) | SM (66.08) < CTRL (79.56) | Yes | 0.63 |
ANX (80.11), CTRL (79.56) | No | 0.03 | ||||
Pragmatic language | ||||||
Mason (2017) | ANX (18) CTRL (20) | 8–12 years | TOPL-2 | ANX (105.78) < CTRL (114.80) | Yes | 0.88 |
Attention
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baving et al. (2004) | ANX (16) CTRL (22) | 11 years | CPT-AX (Hits) | ANX (39.1), CTRL (39.1) | No | 0.00 |
CPT-AX (Reaction Time) | ANX (438.8), CTRL (428.0) | No | 0.19 | |||
CPT-AX (Commission Errors) | ANX (0.9), CTRL (1.5) | No | 0.46 | |||
Günther et al. (2004) | ANX (34) DEP (31) CTRL (33) | 6–17 years | Simple RT task | ANX (250), CTRL (247) | No | 0.07 |
Sustained Attention Task (Tempo) | ANX (12.6), CTRL (11.7) | No | 0.24 | |||
Sustained Attention Task (misses) | ANX (19.4), CTRL (27.2) | No | 0.43 | |||
Sustained Attention Task (false alarms) | ANX (23.5), CTRL (19.1) | No | 0.24 | |||
Auditory-visual discrimination task (RT) | ANX (741), CTRL (711) | No | 0.34 | |||
Auditory-visual discrimination task (misses) | ANX (3.2), CTRL (3.9) | No | 0.27 | |||
Auditory-visual discrimination task (false alarms) | ANX (2.2), CTRL (2.9) | No | 0.24 | |||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | D2 | Severe ANX (154.4), CTRL (164.6) | No | 0.11 |
Mild ANX (178.5), CTRL (164.6) | No | 0.16 | ||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (24.94), CTRL (25.09) | No | 0.10 |
Werry et al. (1987) | ANX (21) ADHD (39) ADHD + CD/ODD (35) CTRL (21)a | 5–13 years | CPT (Omission errors) | ANX (0.29), CTRL (0.67) | No | * |
CPT (Commission errors) | ANX (1.7), CTRL (1.3) | No | * | |||
Specific attention networks | ||||||
Mogg et al. (2015) | ANX (67) later split into 21 with SP and 43 with other anx dxs ADHD (67) CTRL (726) | 6–12 years | Executive Attention (ANT—RT) | ANX (91.7), CTRL (76.5) | No | 0.20 |
Other ANX (109.4) > CTRL (76.5) | Yes | 0.41 | ||||
Orienting (ANT—RT) | ANX (23.7), CTRL (32.4) | No | 0.13 | |||
Alerting (ANT—RT) | ANX (62.1), CTRL (77.9) | No | 0.20 |
Executive Functioning
Working Memory
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verbal working memory | ||||||
Günther et al. (2004) | ANX (34) DEP (31) CTRL (33) | 6–17 years | RAVLT | ANX (6.6), CTRL (7.7) | No | 0.46 |
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41—split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | WISC-IV (Digit Span Forward) | Severe ANX (7.1), CTRL (8.0) | No | 0.44 |
Mild ANX (8.1), CTRL (8.0) | No | 0.05 | ||||
WISC-IV (Digit Span Backward) | Severe ANX (4.1), CTRL (3.7) | No | 0.22 | |||
Mild ANX (5.4) > CTRL (3.7) | Yes | 0.83 | ||||
John (2005) | ANX (91) CTRL (34) | 7–12 years | WISC-3 (Digit Span Backward) | ANX (9.89), CTRL (10.59) | No | 0.22 |
CHIPASAT 2.0 s (correct) | ANX (24.09) < CTRL (29.25) | Yes | 0.59 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.0 s (commission errors) | ANX (2.98), CTRL (2.17) | No | 0.29 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.0 s (omission errors) | ANX (32.95), CTRL (28.58) | No | 0.47 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (correct) | ANX (29.21) < CTRL (35.16) | Yes | 0.57 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (commission errors) | ANX (4.64), CTRL (3.44) | No | 0.25 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (omission errors) | ANX (26.18), CTRL (21.40) | No | 0.45 | |||
Manassis et al. (2007b) | ANX (52) ANX + ADHD (35) ADHD (21) CTRL (35) | 8–12 years | WISC-III (Digit Span Forward) | ANX (10.81), CTRL (10.63) | No | 0.06 |
WISC-III (Digit Span Backward) | ANX (10.67), CTRL (10.4) | No | 0.09 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (correct) | ANX (31.49), CTRL (34.88) | No | 0.31 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.0 s (correct) | ANX (25.51), CTRL (29.36) | No | 0.42 | |||
Non-verbal working memory | ||||||
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | CANTAB (SWM—errors) | ANX (32.21) > CTRL (21.88) | Yes | 0.59 |
CANTAB (Spatial Span—length) | ANX (5.53) < CTRL (6.39) | Yes | 0.72 | |||
John, 2005 | ANX (91) CTRL (34) | 7–12 years | Finger Windows (Backward) | ANX (9.88), CTRL (11.31) | No | 0.34 |
SOPT (6-item) | ANX (0.70), CTRL (0.75) | No | 0.06 | |||
SOPT (8-item) | ANX (1.15), CTRL (1.09) | No | 0.06 | |||
SOPT (10-item) | ANX (1.26), CTRL (1.12) | No | 0.14 | |||
SOPT (12-item) | ANX (2.10), CTRL (2.12) | No | 0.01 | |||
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | Spatial Span (length) | GAD (6.21), CTRL (6.58) | No | 0.26 |
Spatial Span (errors) | GAD (14.15), CTRL (14.75) | No | 0.08 | |||
Manassis et al. (2007a) | SM (44) ANX (28) CTRL (19) | 6–10 years | Corsi Blocks (Forward) | SM (8.86) < CTRL (11.78) | Yes | 1.01 |
ANX (10.79), CTRL (11.78) | No | 0.31 | ||||
Corsi Blocks (Backward) | SM (9.34) < CTRL (11.89) | Yes | 0.84 | |||
ANX (9.93), CTRL (11.89) | No | 0.72 | ||||
Finger Windows (Forward) | SM (10.00), CTRL (11.58) | No | 0.48 | |||
ANX (9.61), CTRL (11.58) | No | 0.57 | ||||
Finger Windows (Backward) | SM (7.16), CTRL (10.26) | No | 0.77 | |||
ANX (10.71), CTRL (10.26) | No | 0.11 | ||||
Manassis et al. (2007b) | ANX (52) ANX + ADHD (35) ADHD (21) CTRL (35) | 8–12 years | Finger Windows Forward | ANX (8.91), CTRL (9.39) | No | 0.15 |
Finger Windows Backward | ANX (10.13), CTRL (11.33) | No | 0.28 | |||
Mueller et al. (2015) | ANX (33) CTRL (22) | 8–12 years | Saccadic Working Memory Task | * | No | * |
Vance et al. (2013) | ANX (69) CTRL (116) ADHD (163) ANX + ADHD (116) | 6–16 years | CANTAB (Spatial Span—errors) | ANX (37.88) > CTRL (29.84) | Yes | 0.49 |
CANTAB (Spatial Span—strategy) | ANX (34.57), CTRL (33.19) | No | 0.24 | |||
CANTAB (Spatial Span—span) | ANX (5.95) < CTRL (6.45) | Yes | 0.35 |
Cognitive Flexibility
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive flexibility | ||||||
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | CANTAB (Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift) | ANX (35.74), CTRL (26.08) | No | 0.37 |
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | WCST (Total correct) | Severe ANX (77.7), CTRL (81.1) | No | 0.27 |
Mild ANX (78.6), CTRL (81.1) | No | 0.20 | ||||
WCST (Perseverative errors) | Severe ANX (20.7), CTRL (17.3) | No | 0.41 | |||
Mild ANX (18.3), CTRL (17.3) | No | 0.12 | ||||
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | IDED (simple reversal errors) | GAD (2.29) > CTRL (1.43) | Yes | 0.51 |
IDED (total reversal errors) | GAD (10.18), CTRL (7.26) | No | 0.31 | |||
Toren et al. (2000) | ANX (19) CTRL (14) | 6–18 years | WCST (Total errors) | ANX (31.6) > CTRL (19.8) | Yes | 0.93 |
WCST (Perseverative responses) | ANX (15.1) > CTRL (9.6) | Yes | 1.05 | |||
WCST (Correct after positive feedback) | ANX (75.6), CTRL (79.0) | No | 0.31 | |||
WCST (Incorrect after negative feedback) | ANX (31.6) > CTRL (21.2) | Yes | 0.78 | |||
Processing speed/efficiency | ||||||
John (2005) | ANX (91) CTRL (34) | 7–12 years | CHIPASAT 2.0 s (consecutive correct) | ANX (1.72), CTRL (1.85) | No | 0.12 |
CHIPASAT 2.0 s (consecutive omission errors) | ANX (2.41) > CTRL (1.78) | Yes | 0.56 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (consecutive correct) | ANX (2.21), CTRL (2.57) | No | 0.20 | |||
CHIPASAT 2.8 s (consecutive omission errors) | ANX (1.86), CTRL (1.42) | No | 0.49 | |||
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | CANTAB (Pattern Recognition Memory—Latency) | GAD (2495.98) > CTRL (2052.04) | Yes | 0.72 |
Inhibition/initiation | ||||||
Günther et al. (2004) | ANX (34) DEP (31) CTRL (33) | 6–17 years | Go/No-Go Paradigm (RT) | ANX (442), CTRL (389) | No | 0.76 |
Go/No-Go Paradigm (misses) | ANX (0.5), CTRL (0.8) | No | 0.29 | |||
Go/No-Go Paradigm (false alarms) | ANX (2.9), CTRL (2.2) | No | 0.32 | |||
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | CANTAB (Stop Signal Task) | ANX (208.44), CTRL (181.23) | No | 0.43 |
Flanker Task | ANX (72.83), CTRL (75.93) | No | 0.17 | |||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | Go/No-Go Paradigm (total hits) | Severe ANX (80.5), CTRL (82.1) | No | 0.23 |
Mild ANX (80.3), CTRL (82.1) | No | 0.28 | ||||
Korenblum et al. (2007) | ANX (21)—10 w/out subthreshold ADHD ADHD (78) ANX + ADHD (38) CTRL (40) | 6–14 years | SS Paradigm (RT) | ANX (314) > CTRL (238) | Yes | 0.61 |
ANX w/out subthreshold ADHD (256.70), CTRL (238) | No | 0.19 | ||||
Manassis et al. (2000) | ANX (14) ADHD (14) ANX + ADHD (16) CTRL (13) | 8–12 years | SS Task (Go RT) | ANX (567.69), CTRL (567.45) | No | 0.00 |
SS Task (SS RT) | ANX (237.33), CTRL (236.98) | No | 0.00 | |||
Planning | ||||||
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | SOC | ANX (7.73), CTRL (8.62) | No | 0.45 |
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | SOC (2 moves) | GAD (2.06), CTRL (2.05) | No | 0.04 |
SOC (3 moves) | GAD (3.29), CTRL (3.25) | No | 0.09 | |||
SOC (4 moves) | GAD (5.63), CTRL (5.43) | No | 0.20 | |||
SOC (5 moves) | GAD (7.53), CTRL (7.03) | No | 0.36 | |||
Rodrigues et al. (2019) | ANX (37) CTRL (34) | 7–17 years | TOH (3 pieces—time) | ANX (38) > CTRL (21.3) | Yes | 0.68 |
TOH (3 pieces—moves) | ANX (13.0) > CTRL (8.9) | Yes | 0.84 | |||
TOH (3 pieces—errors) | ANX (2.5), CTRL (1.5) | No | 0.37 | |||
TOH (4 pieces—time) | ANX (83.4) > CTRL (57.4) | Yes | 0.85 | |||
TOH (4 pieces—moves) | ANX (31.6), CTRL (24.9) | No | 0.73 | |||
TOH (4 pieces—errors) | ANX (5.4) > CTRL (2.0) | Yes | 0.80 | |||
Cognitive control | ||||||
Cardinale et al. (2019) | ANX (35) CRTL (22) | M = 12.8, SD = 3.11 years a | Antisaccade task (% correct prosaccade) | * | No | * |
Antisaccade task (% correct antisaccade) | * | No | * | |||
Antisaccade task (prosaccade errors) | * | No | * | |||
Antisaccade task (antisaccade errors) | * | No | * | |||
Antisaccade task (prosaccade latency) | * | No | * | |||
Antisaccade task (antisaccade latency) | * | Yes | * | |||
Hardin et al. (2007) | ANX (16) DEP (11) CTRL (30) | 9–17 years | Antisaccade task (accuracy direction errors) | ANX (37.38), CTRL (29.24) | No | 0.40 |
Antisaccade task (accuracy correct) | ANX (45.46), CTRL (52.94) | No | 0.32 | |||
Jazbec et al. (2005) | ANX (11) DEP (12) CRTL (28) | 9–17 years | Antisaccade task (# incorrect) | ANX (9.36), CTRL (8.89) | No | 0.35 |
Antisaccade task (latency) | ANX (191.41), CTRL (208.21) | Yes | 1.92 | |||
Problem solving | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (1.56), CTRL (1.57) | No | 0.02 |
Verbal fluency | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (8.5) < CTRL (12.09) | Yes | 1.25 |
Multiple aspects of executive functioning (i.e., cognitive flexibility, processing speed, visual scanning) | ||||||
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | TMT B (time) | ANX (47.14), CTRL (37.28) | No | 0.51 |
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | TMT A (time) | Severe ANX (72.4), CTRL (66.5) | No | 0.27 |
Mild ANX (61.1), CTRL (66.5) | No | 0.27 | ||||
TMT A (errors) | Severe ANX (0.1), CTRL (0.1) | No | 0.00 | |||
Mild ANX (0.1), CTRL (0.1) | No | 0.00 | ||||
TMT B (time) | Severe ANX (142.9), CTRL (132.5) | No | 0.21 | |||
Mild ANX (125.4), CTRL (132.5) | No | 0.15 | ||||
TMT B (errors) | Severe ANX (0.3), CTRL (0.2) | No | 0.08 | |||
Mild ANX (0.1), CTRL (0.2) | No | 0.08 |
Processing Speed/Efficiency
Inhibition/Initiation
Planning
Cognitive Control
Problem Solving
Verbal Fluency
Multiple Aspects of Executive Functioning
Motor Skills
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine motor impairment | ||||||
Kristensen and Togerson (2008) | Soc (29) ADHD (23) Soc + ADHD (6) Other dx (44) CTRL (48) | 11–12 years | MABC (Manual Dexterity) | Soc (6.9), CTRL (5.8) | No | .31 |
Skirbekk et al. (2012) | ANX (41) ADHD (39) ANX + ADHD (25) CTRL (36) | 7–13 years | MABC (Manual Dexterity) | ANX (6.7) > CTRL (2.8) | Yes | 1.06 |
Vance et al. (2006) | ANX (25) CTRL (20) ADHD-C (37) DD (37) | 6–12 years | SDNE (smoothness / accuracy) | ANX (0.88), CTRL (0.56) | No | 0.65 |
SDNE (mirror movements) | ANX (1.21) > CTRL (0.25) | Yes | 1.71 | |||
Gross motor impairment | ||||||
Kristensen and Togerson (2008) | Soc (29) ADHD (23) Soc + ADHD (6) Other dx (44) CTRL (48) | 11–12 years | MABC (Ball Skills) | Soc (2.5), CTRL (1.3) | No | 0.49 |
MABC (Balance) | Soc (4.9) > CTRL (1.3) | Yes | 1.28 | |||
Skirbekk et al. (2012) | ANX (41) ADHD (39) ANX + ADHD (25) CTRL (36) | 7–13 years | MABC (Ball Skills) | ANX (2.2) > CTRL (1.2) | Yes | 0.51 |
MABC (Balance) | ANX (2.7), CTRL (1.4) | No | 0.58 | |||
Combined fine and fine gross impairment | ||||||
Ekornås et al. (2010) | ANX (27) CTRL (27) | 8–11 years | MABC | ANX (13.41) > CTRL (7.74) | Yes | 0.80 |
Kristensen and Togerson (2008) | Soc (29) ADHD (23) Soc + ADHD (6) Other dx (44) CTRL (48) | 11–12 years | MABC | Soc (14.3) > CTRL (8.4) | Yes | 0.92 |
Skirbekk et al., 2012 | ANX (41) ADHD (39) ANX + ADHD (25) CTRL (36) | 7–13 years | MABC | ANX (11.7) > CTRL (5.4) | Yes | 1.15 |
Motor Coordination | ||||||
Vance et al. (2006) | ANX (25) CTRL (20) ADHD-C (37) DD (37) | 6–12 years | SDNE (choreoathetoid movements) | ANX (1.23), CTRL (0.75) | No | 0.81 |
SDNE (conjugate eye gaze) | ANX (0.67), CTRL (0.25) | No | 0.68 | |||
Werry et al. (1987) | ANX (21) ADHD (39) ADHD + CD/ODD (35) CTRL (21)a | 5–13 years | Mazes (Time) | ANX (3.0), CTRL (2.1) | No | * |
Mazes (Contacts) | ANX (25.8), CTRL (19.3) | No | * | |||
Holes (Time) | ANX (12.2), CTRL (12.5) | No | * | |||
Holes (Contacts) | ANX (114), CTRL (126) | No | * | |||
Pursuit Rotor (Time) | ANX (33.8), CTRL (38.3) | No | * | |||
Pursuit Rotor (Contacts) | ANX (53.3), CTRL (53.6) | No | * | |||
Motor praxis | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (15.69), CTRL (15.91) | No | 0.09 |
Visual Functioning
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (Means) | Sig Diff? | Effect Size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visuospatial skills | ||||||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41—split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | ROCF (Copy) | Severe ANX (30.6), CTRL (27.5) | No | 0.70 |
Mild ANX (30.0), CTRL (27.5) | No | 0.53 | ||||
Toren et al. (2000) | ANX (19) CTRL (14) | 6–18 years | ROCF (Copy) | ANX (30.4), CTRL (32.2) | No | 0.72 |
Visual scanning | ||||||
Lubow et al. (2000) | ANX (23) CTRL (23) | 6–17 years | Visual Search Task | * | No | * |
Visual perception | ||||||
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | NEUPSILIN | ANX (1.19), CTRL (1.87) | No | 0.48 |
IQ
Study | Samples (n) | Age range | Measure | Anxiety & CTRL (means) | Sig Diff? | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardinale et al. (2019) | ANX (35) CRTL (22) | M = 12.8, SD = 3.11 years a | IQ (Measure not specified) | ANX (109.56), CTRL (109.94) | No | 0.03 |
Davis III et al. (2008) | Pure ANX: ANX (12) CTRL (17) | 7–16 years | FSIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (94.8) < CTRL (109.5) | Yes | 0.84 |
VIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (98.7), CTRL (108.8) | No | 0.54 | |||
PIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (90.4) < CTRL (108.5) | Yes | 1.03 | |||
Günther et al. (2004) | ANX (34) DEP (31) CTRL (33) | 6–17 years | FSIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (102), CTRL (107) | No | 0.45 |
Hardin et al. (2007) | ANX (16) DEP (11) CTRL (30) | 9–17 years | IQ (Measure not specified) | ANX (109.94), CTRL (110.30) | No | 0.02 |
Hybel et al. (2017) | ANX (38) OCD (50) CTRL (50) | 7–17 years | FSIQ (RIST) | ANX (102.55), CTRL (104.40) | No | 0.25 |
Verbal IQ (RIST) | ANX (103.48), CTRL (102.55) | No | 0.12 | |||
Non-verbal IQ (RIST) | ANX (101.50), CTRL (105.58) | No | 0.40 | |||
Jarros et al. (2017) | ANX (41 – split into 13 severe and 28 mild) CTRL (27) | 10–17 years | IQ (WASI) | Severe ANX (100.8), CTRL (118.7) | No | 0.77 |
Mild ANX (112.6), CTRL (118.7) | No | 0.22 | ||||
John (2005) | ANX (91) CTRL (34) | 7–12 years | FSIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (105.72), CTRL (110.61) | No | 0.38 |
Kim et al. (2019) | GAD (34) OCD (28) CTRL (65) | 7–17 years | IQ (WASI) | GAD (110.2), CTRL (111.5) | No | 0.11 |
Korenblum et al. (2007) | ANX (21)—10 w/out subthreshold ADHD ADHD (78) ANX + ADHD (38) CTRL (40) | 6–14 years | IQ (WISC-3) | ANX (104.1) < CTRL (118.2) | Yes | 1.22 |
Kristensen and Oerbeck (2006) | SM (32) CTRL (62) | 6–17 years | PIQ (WISC-R or WPPSI) | SM (96.5) < CTRL (108.2) | Yes | 0.73 |
Kristensen and Togerson (2008) | Soc (29) ADHD (23) Soc + ADHD (6) Other dx (44) CTRL (48) | 11–12 years | FSIQ (WASI) | Soc (98.8) < CTRL (104.9) | Yes | 0.46 |
VIQ (WASI) | Soc (92.1) < CTRL (99.8) | Yes | 0.64 | |||
PIQ (WASI) | Soc (106.6), CTRL (109.3) | No | 0.18 | |||
Manassis et al. (2007a) | SM (44) ANX (28) CTRL (19) | 6–10 years | PIQ (WISC-3) | SM (106.77), CTRL (115.00) | No | 0.53 |
ANX (105.23), CTRL (115.00) | No | 0.63 | ||||
Manassis et al. (2007b) | ANX (52) ANX + ADHD (35) ADHD (21) CTRL (35) | 8–12 years | IQ (WISC-3) | ANX (107.1), CTRL (110.41) | No | 0.31 |
Mogg et al. (2015) | ANX (67) ADHD (67) CTRL (726) | 6–12 years | IQ (WISC block design and vocabulary subtests) | ANX (98.6), CTRL (101.5) | No | 0.19 |
Mueller et al. (2015) | ANX (33) CTRL (22) | 8–12 years | IQ (Measure not specified) | ANX (109.12), CTRL (115.76) | No | 0.48 |
Rodrigues et al. (2019) | ANX (37) CTRL (34) | 7–17 years | IQ (WASI) | ANX (109.56), CTRL (109.94) | No | 0.45 |
Skirbekk et al. (2012) | ANX (41) ADHD (39) ANX + ADHD (25) CTRL (36) | 7–13 years | IQ (WASI) | ANX (97.2) < CTRL (109.4) | Yes | 0.98 |
Toazza et al. (2014) | ANX (16) EXT (11) ANX + EXT (7) CTRL (23) | 12–18 years | VIQ (WASI) | ANX (89.1), CTRL (97.1) | No | 0.52 |
PIQ (WASI) | ANX (86.4), CTRL (95.3) | No | 0.62 | |||
FSIQ (WASI) | ANX (86.6), CTRL (95.7) | No | 0.66 | |||
Toren et al. (2000) | ANX (19) CTRL (14) | 6–18 years | FSIQ (WISC-R) | ANX (115.0), CTRL (121.6) | No | 0.72 |
VIQ (WISC-R) | ANX (109.8), CTRL (117.0) | No | 0.66 | |||
PIQ (WISC-R) | ANX (118.9), CTRL (123.7) | No | 0.46 | |||
Vance et al. (2006) | ANX (25) CTRL (20) ADHD-C (37) DD (37) | 6–12 years | FSIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (104.65), CTRL (108.60) | No | 0.28 |
VIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (107.00), CTRL (111.20) | No | 0.33 | |||
PIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (104.67), CTRL (108.60) | No | 0.28 | |||
Vance et al., 2013 | ANX (69) CTRL (116) ADHD (163) ANX + ADHD (116) | 6–16 years | FSIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (100.86) < CTRL (110.98) | Yes | 0.74 |
VIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (100.94) < CTRL (112.49) | Yes | 0.77 | |||
PIQ (WISC-3) | ANX (102.08) < CTRL (109.15) | Yes | 0.48 | |||
Vasa et al. (2007) | ANX (57) CTRL (103) | 9–20 years | IQ (K-BIT) | ANX (101.39) < CTRL (105.05) | Yes | 0.35 |